THE ACHUAR HOUSE
|
|
The dimension of a house is easy to determine because it is derived entirely of the spacing between the four or six support pillars, paeni, that constitute the support of the whole frame; the more long the sides of the square or of the rectangle that define the floor, bigger it will be the house. The most common dimensions for a house are fifteen meters long for ten meters wide and five meters high. However, certain houses are particularly roomy, like one measuring twenty-three meters long for twelve meters wide and seven meters high, to house twenty people in a permanent way. The two types more common of houses they are naweamu jea (house with lateral posts) and tsupim jea (house without lateral posts). This one is smaller than the previous one for the extension of its roof but both share the same frame structure. Finally, a third type, iwianch jea (bad spirit house) is relatively strange, it is distinguished of the other two in that it doesn't have an elliptic form but rather a conical one; this type of frame is, sometimes, adopted by youths that live isolated, due to the great easiness of its construction. The construction of the house is carried out starting from a previous formal representation; the selection of the materials, their fashion and their assembling are made according to a series of phases that are chained automatically, all the proportions are determined by the initial height and the disposition of the pillars paeni. Every time that is needed to cut many wooden pieces of the same dimensions, a specially marked stick nekapek (measure) is used for the appropriate measures. Once the pillars paeni has been deeply sunk in the floor, they are headed with two beams, pau that are assembled with rhomboidal form spikes. The two lateral ties, makui, are tied by means of lianas to the extremities of the pau that support to the rafts yasakmu, fixed by simple connection. At this stage, the height of the roof can be chosen with a lot of precision, according to the lesser or bigger opening of the angle of rafts. Once this has been established, the intertwined end of the rafts committed then is placed the top beam, chichimpruke, on the easels that are formed by crossed rafts. Then only is build the semicircular frames of sides of the house, teamu, that are determined by tracing an arch of circle with a line starting from the center of the small side of the main structure. In the two semicircles traced on the floor are sunk in regular intervals support pillars, nawe (foot) whose superior end is cut as the paeni, in form of rhomboidal spikes. On the spikes flexible strips are placed, teen tentetin, that support the inferior border of the roof fan, teen, that cover the two rounded sides of the house. The lateral ends, pae or awankeri are placed then and tied to the top beam, chichimpruke and to the established makui. The materials most commonly used for the big pieces of the frame (that is to say, the paeni, the pau and the makui) are two species of palms: tuntuam (Iriartea sp.) and ampaki (Iriartea ventricosa Mart.) and a half dozen of trees: paeni (Minquartia punctata), chikainia (Talauma sp.), atashmatai (Iryanthera juruensis Warb.), chirni (Pseudolmedia laevigata Trec.), yais (Cymbo petalum tessmannii) and wantsunt. For the ends the bamboo kenku is generally used (Guadua angustifolia) or the tree kaya yais (Oxandra xylopiodes); for the shingles and the strips teen tentetin, is the palm kupat used (Iriartea exorrhiza?); for the alfardas the kaya yals is already used mentioned and the tree chiwiachiwia (Aspidosperma album). To tie the subjected pieces for a strong mechanical resistance, the internal bark fiber is used of the trees: shuwat (Gustavia hexapetala Smith.), kakau (Miconia elata) and yunkua (Lecythishians B.C. Smith), while to tie lighter pieces as the strips or the shingles, the liana kaap is preferred (Heteropsis obligonfolia). The nature of the materials employed to cover the roof varies according to availability and it influences greatly on the duration of life of the house. In jungle areas two very similar varieties of palm are used, kampanak (Hyospatha sp.) and turuji (Hyospatha tessmannii); each palm leaf is placed in the line of inclination of the roof and tied by their frond to shingles, tsentsakan, staggered along the rows. These palms are particularly resistant as much to the rot as to the attack of the parasites and the mooring assures an impermeability of the cover. This roof can last up to 15 years, and it is conserved much more time that the pillars of the frame that begin to rot in general at the base after six or seven years; pillars can, however, last some years before failing the balance of the structure. Apart from this, it is not strange to see reuse the palm leaves of roof for a newly erected house very near the old one since the duration of life of a cover made with turuji or with kampanak it is like one can see, almost double of the frame.
|